\input texinfo
@ignore
Copyright (C) 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Andreas Enge, Philippe Th\'eveny, Paul Zimmermann

This file is part of the MPC Library.

The MPC Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your
option) any later version.

The MPC Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU Lesser General Public
License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
along with the MPC Library; see the file COPYING.LIB.  If not, write to
the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston,
MA 02111-1307, USA.
@end ignore

@ignore
A recent version of makeinfo is required: at least version 4.2, where copying
was introduced.
@end ignore

@setfilename mpc.info
@settitle MPC @value{VERSION}
@synindex tp fn
@iftex
@afourpaper
@end iftex

@include version.texi

@set AUTHORS Andreas Enge, Philippe Th@'eveny, Paul Zimmermann
@set COPYRIGHTDATES 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009
@ifinfo
@format
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* mpc: (mpc.info).               Multiple Precision Complex Library.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
@end format
@end ifinfo

@iftex
@finalout
@end iftex


@copying
@ifinfo
This is the manual for MPC, a library for multiple precision complex arithmetic,
version @value{VERSION}, of @value{UPDATED-MONTH}.
@end ifinfo

@sp 1

Copyright (C) @value{COPYRIGHTDATES} @value{AUTHORS}

@sp 2

Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
are preserved on all copies.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire
resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission
notice identical to this one.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
@end copying

@setchapternewpage on
@titlepage

@title MPC
@subtitle The Multiple Precision Complex Library
@subtitle Edition @value{VERSION}
@subtitle @value{UPDATED-MONTH}

@author @value{AUTHORS}

@tex
\global\parindent=0pt
\global\parskip=8pt
\global\baselineskip=13pt
@end tex

@page
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
@insertcopying
@end titlepage
@headings double

@ifnottex
@node Top, Copying, (dir), (dir)

@top MPC

This manual documents how to install and use the Multiple Precision
Complex Library, version @value{VERSION}
@end ifnottex

@menu
* Copying::                     MPC Copying Conditions (LGPL).
* Introduction to MPC::         Brief introduction to MPC.
* Installing MPC::              How to configure and compile the MPC library.
* Reporting Bugs::              How to usefully report bugs.
* MPC Basics::                  What every MPC user should know.
* Complex Functions::           Functions for arithmetic on complex numbers.
* Contributors::
* References::
* Concept Index::
* Function Index::
@end menu

@c  @times{} made available as a "*" in info and html (already works in tex).
@ifnottex
@macro times
*
@end macro
@end ifnottex

@node Copying, Introduction to MPC, Top, Top
@comment  node-name, next, previous,  up
@unnumbered MPC Copying Conditions
@cindex Copying conditions
@cindex Conditions for copying MPC

The MPC Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your
option) any later version, see the file COPYING.LIB.

The MPC Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU Lesser General Public
License for more details.

@node Introduction to MPC, Installing MPC, Copying, Top
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@chapter Introduction to MPC


MPC is a portable library written in C for arbitrary precision arithmetic
on complex numbers providing correct rounding. Ultimately, it
should implement a multiprecision equivalent of the C99 standard.
It builds upon the GNU MP and the GNU MPFR libraries.

@section How to use this Manual

Everyone should read @ref{MPC Basics}.  If you need to install the library
yourself, you need to read @ref{Installing MPC}, too.

The remainder of the manual can be used for later reference, although it is
probably a good idea to skim through it.

@node Installing MPC, Reporting Bugs, Introduction to MPC, Top
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@chapter Installing MPC
@cindex Installation

To build MPC, you first have to install GNU MP (version 4.2 or higher) and
GNU MPFR (version 2.3.1 or higher) on your computer.  You need a C compiler,
preferably GCC, but any reasonable compiler should work. And you need a
standard Unix @samp{make} program, plus some other standard Unix utility
programs.

Here are the steps needed to install the library on Unix systems:

@enumerate
@item
@samp{tar xzf mpc-@value{VERSION}.tar.gz}

@item
@samp{cd mpc-@value{VERSION}}

@item
@samp{./configure}

if GMP and MPFR are installed into standard directories, that is, directories
that are searched by default by the compiler and the linking tools.

@samp{./configure --with-gmp=<gmp_install_dir>}

is used to indicate a different location where GMP is
installed. Alternatively, you can specify directly GMP include and GMP lib
directories with @samp{./configure --with-gmp-lib=<gmp_lib_dir>
--with-gmp-include=<gmp_include_dir>}.

@samp{./configure --with-mpfr=<mpfr_install_dir>}

is used to indicate a different location where MPFR is
installed. Alternatively, you can specify directly MPFR include and MPFR lib
directories with @samp{./configure --with-mpf-lib=<mpfr_lib_dir>
--with-mpfr-include=<mpfr_include_dir>}.

Another useful parameter is @samp{--prefix}, which can be used to
specify an alternative installation location instead of
@file{/usr/local}; see @samp{make install} below.

Use @samp{./configure --help} for an exhaustive list of parameters.

@item
@samp{make}

This compiles MPC in the working directory.

@item
@samp{make check}

This will make sure MPC was built correctly.

If you get error messages, please report them to
@samp{mpc-discuss@@lists.gforge.inria.fr} (@xref{Reporting Bugs}, for
information on what to include in useful bug reports).

@item
@samp{make install}

This will copy the file @file{mpc.h} to the directory
@file{/usr/local/include}, the file @file{libmpc.a} to the directory
@file{/usr/local/lib}, and the file @file{mpc.info} to the directory
@file{/usr/local/share/info} (or if you passed the @samp{--prefix} option to
@file{configure}, using the prefix directory given as argument to
@samp{--prefix} instead of @file{/usr/local}). Note: you need write permissions
on these directories.

@end enumerate


@section Other `make' Targets

There are some other useful make targets:

@itemize @bullet
@item
@samp{info}

Create an info version of the manual, in @file{mpc.info}.

@item
@samp{pdf}

Create a PDF version of the manual, in @file{doc/mpc.pdf}.

@item
@samp{dvi}

Create a DVI version of the manual, in @file{doc/mpc.dvi}.

@item
@samp{ps}

Create a Postscript version of the manual, in @file{doc/mpc.ps}.

@item
@samp{html}

Create an HTML version of the manual, in several pages in the
directory @file{doc/mpc.html}; if you want only one output HTML file,
then type @samp{makeinfo --html --no-split mpc.texi} instead.

@item
@samp{clean}

Delete all object files and archive files, but not the configuration files.

@item
@samp{distclean}

Delete all files not included in the distribution.

@item
@samp{uninstall}

Delete all files copied by @samp{make install}.
@end itemize



@section Known Build Problems

On AIX, if GMP was built with the 64-bit ABI, before building and testing MPC,
it might be necessary to set the @samp{OBJECT_MODE} environment variable to 64
by, e.g.,

@samp{export OBJECT_MODE=64}

This has been tested with the C compiler IBM XL C/C++ Enterprise Edition
V8.0 for AIX, version: 08.00.0000.0021, GMP 4.2.4 and MPFR 2.4.1.

Please report any other problems you encounter to
@samp{mpc-discuss@@lists.gforge.inria.fr}.
@xref{Reporting Bugs}.

@node Reporting Bugs, MPC Basics, Installing MPC, Top
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@chapter Reporting Bugs
@cindex Reporting bugs

If you think you have found a bug in the MPC library,
please investigate
and report it. We have made this library available to you, and it is not to ask
too much from you, to ask you to report the bugs that you find.

There are a few things you should think about when you put your bug report
together.

You have to send us a test case that makes it possible for us to reproduce the
bug.  Include instructions on how to run the test case.

You also have to explain what is wrong; if you get a crash, or if the results
printed are incorrect and in that case, in what way.

Please include compiler version information in your bug report.
This can be extracted using @samp{gcc -v},
or @samp{cc -V} on some machines.
Also, include the output from @samp{uname -a}.

If your bug report is good, we will do our best to help you to get a corrected
version of the library; if the bug report is poor, we will not do anything about
it (aside of chiding you to send better bug reports).

Send your bug report to: @samp{mpc-discuss@@lists.gforge.inria.fr}.

If you think something in this manual is unclear, or downright incorrect, or if
the language needs to be improved, please send a note to the same address.

@node MPC Basics, Complex Functions, Reporting Bugs, Top
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@chapter MPC Basics


@cindex @file{mpc.h}
All declarations needed to use MPC are collected in the include file
@file{mpc.h}.  It is designed to work with both C and C++ compilers.
You should include that file in any program using the MPC library
by adding the line
@example
   #include "mpc.h"
@end example

@section Nomenclature and Types

@cindex Complex number
@tindex @code{mpc_t}
@noindent
@dfn{Complex number} or @dfn{Complex} for short, is a pair of two
arbitrary precision floating-point numbers (for the real and imaginary parts).
The C data type for such objects is @code{mpc_t}.

@cindex Precision
@tindex @code{mp_prec_t}
@noindent
The @dfn{Precision} is the number of bits used to represent the mantissa
of the real and imaginary parts;
the corresponding C data type is @code{mp_prec_t}.
For more details on the allowed precision range,
@ifinfo
@pxref{Nomenclature and Types,,, mpfr.info,MPFR}.
@end ifinfo
@ifnotinfo
see Section ``Nomenclature and Types'' in @cite{MPFR}.
@end ifnotinfo

@cindex Rounding Mode
@tindex @code{mpc_rnd_t}
@noindent
The @dfn{rounding mode} specifies the way to round the result of a
complex operation, in case the exact result can not be represented
exactly in the destination mantissa;
the corresponding C data type is @code{mpc_rnd_t}.
A complex rounding mode is a pair of two rounding modes: one for the real
part, one for the imaginary part.

@section Function Classes

There is only one class of functions in the MPC library, namely functions for
complex arithmetic. The function names begin with @code{mpc_}. The
associated type is @code{mpc_t}.


@section MPC Variable Conventions

As a general rule, all MPC functions expect output arguments before input
arguments.  This notation is based on an analogy with the assignment operator.

MPC allows you to use the same variable for both input and output in the same
expression.  For example, the main function for floating-point multiplication,
@code{mpc_mul}, can be used like this: @code{mpc_mul (x, x, x, rnd_mode)}.
This
computes the square of @var{x} with rounding mode @code{rnd_mode}
and puts the result back in @var{x}.

Before you can assign to an MPC variable, you need to initialize it by calling
one of the special initialization functions.  When you are done with a
variable, you need to clear it out, using one of the functions for that
purpose.

A variable should only be initialized once, or at least cleared out between
each initialization.  After a variable has been initialized, it may be
assigned to any number of times.

For efficiency reasons, avoid to initialize and clear out a variable in loops.
Instead, initialize it before entering the loop, and clear it out after the
loop has exited.

You do not need to be concerned about allocating additional space for MPC
variables, since each of its real and imaginary part
has a mantissa of fixed size.
Hence unless you change its precision, or clear and reinitialize it,
a complex variable will have the same allocated space during all its
life.


@section Rounding Modes

A complex rounding mode is of the form @code{MPC_RNDxy} where
@code{x} and @code{y} are one of @code{N} (to nearest), @code{Z} (towards
zero), @code{U} (towards plus infinity), @code{D} (towards minus infinity).
The first letter refers to the rounding mode for the real part,
and the second one for the imaginary part.
For example @code{MPC_RNDZU} indicates to round the real part towards zero,
and the imaginary part towards plus infinity.

The @samp{round to nearest} mode works as in the IEEE P754 standard: in case
the number to be rounded lies exactly in the middle of two representable
numbers, it is rounded to the one with the least significant bit set to zero.
For example, the number 5, which is represented by (101) in binary, is rounded
to (100)=4 with a precision of two bits, and not to (110)=6.


@anchor{return-value}
@section Return Value

Most MPC functions have a return value of type @code{int}, which is used
to indicate the position of the rounded real and imaginary parts with respect
to the exact (infinite precision) values.
If this integer is @code{i}, the macros @code{MPC_INEX_RE(i)} and
@code{MPC_INEX_IM(i)} give 0 if the corresponding rounded value is exact,
a negative value if the rounded value is less than the exact one,
and a positive value if it is greater than the exact one.
Similarly, functions computing a result of type @code{mpfr_t}
return an integer that is 0, positive or negative depending on
whether the rounded value is the same, larger or smaller then
the exact result.


@section Branch Cuts And Special Values

Some complex functions have branch cuts, across which the function is
discontinous. In MPC, the branch cuts chosen are the same as those
specified for the corresponding functions in the ISO C99 standard.

Likewise, when evaluated at a point whose real or imaginary part is
either infinite or a NaN or a signed zero, a function returns the same
value as those specified for the corresponding function in the ISO C99
standard.


@node Complex Functions, Contributors, MPC Basics, Top
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@chapter Complex Functions
@cindex Complex functions

The complex functions expect arguments of type @code{mpc_t}.

The MPC floating-point functions have an interface that is similar to the
GNU MP
integer functions.  The function prefix for operations on complex numbers is
@code{mpc_}.

@cindex User-defined precision
The precision of a computation is defined as follows: Compute the requested
operation exactly (with ``infinite precision''), and round the result to
the destination variable precision with the given rounding mode.

The MPC complex functions are intended to be a smooth extension
of the IEEE P754 arithmetic. The results obtained on one
computer should not differ from the results obtained on a computer with a
different word size.


@menu
* Initializing Complex Numbers::
* Assigning Complex Numbers::
* String and Stream Input and Output::
* Complex Comparison::
* Projection & Decomposing::
* Basic Arithmetic::
* Power Functions and Logarithm::
* Trigonometric Functions::
* Miscellaneous Complex Functions::
* Advanced Functions::
* Internals::
@end menu

@node Initializing Complex Numbers, Assigning Complex Numbers, Complex Functions, Complex Functions
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@section Initialization Functions

An @code{mpc_t} object must be initialized before storing the first value in
it.  The functions @code{mpc_init2} and @code{mpc_init3}
are used for that purpose.

@deftypefun void mpc_init2 (mpc_t @var{z}, mp_prec_t @var{prec})
Initialize @var{z} to precision @var{prec} bits
and set its real and imaginary parts to NaN.
Normally, a variable should be initialized once only
or at least be cleared, using @code{mpc_clear}, between initializations.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun void mpc_init3 (mpc_t @var{z}, mp_prec_t @var{prec_r}, mp_prec_t @var{prec_i})
Initialize @var{z} with the precision of its real part being
@var{prec_r} bits and the precision of its imaginary part being
@var{prec_i} bits, and set the real and imaginary parts to NaN.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun void mpc_clear (mpc_t @var{z})
Free the space occupied by @var{z}.  Make sure to call this function for all
@code{mpc_t} variables when you are done with them.
@end deftypefun

@need 2000
Here is an example on how to initialize complex variables:
@example
@{
  mpc_t x, y;
  mpc_init2 (x, 256);		/* precision @emph{exactly} 256 bits */
  mpc_init3 (y, 100, 50);	/* 100/50 bits for the real/imaginary part */
  @dots{}
  mpc_clear (x);
  mpc_clear (y);
@}
@end example

The following function is useful for changing the precision during a
calculation.  A typical use would be for adjusting the precision gradually in
iterative algorithms like Newton-Raphson, making the computation precision
closely match the actual accurate part of the numbers.

@deftypefun void mpc_set_prec (mpc_t @var{x}, mp_prec_t @var{prec})
Reset the precision of @var{x} to be @strong{exactly} @var{prec} bits,
and set its real/imaginary parts to NaN.
The previous value stored in @var{x} is lost. It is equivalent to
a call to @code{mpc_clear(x)} followed by a call to
@code{mpc_init2(x, prec)}, but more efficient as no allocation is done in
case the current allocated space for the mantissa of @var{x} is sufficient.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun mp_prec_t mpc_get_prec (mpc_t @var{x})
If the real and imaginary part of @var{x} have the same precision, it is returned,
otherwise, 0 is returned.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun void mpc_get_prec2 (mp_prec_t* @var{pr}, mp_prec_t* @var{pi}, mpc_t @var{x})
Returns the precision of the real part of @var{x} via @var{pr} and of its imaginary part
via @var{pi}.
@end deftypefun


@node Assigning Complex Numbers, String and Stream Input and Output, Initializing Complex Numbers, Complex Functions
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@section Assignment Functions
@cindex Complex assignment functions

These functions assign new values to already initialized complex numbers
(@pxref{Initializing Complex Numbers}).
When using any functions with @code{intmax_t} parameter, you must include
@code{<stdint.h>} or @code{<inttypes.h>} before @file{mpc.h}, to allow
@file{mpc.h} to define prototypes for these functions.
If you need assignment functions that are not in the current API, you can
define them using the @code{MPC_SET_X_Y} macro (@pxref{Advanced Functions}).

@deftypefun int mpc_set (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set the value of @var{rop} from @var{op}, rounded to the precision of @var{rop}
with the given rounding mode @var{rnd}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpc_set_ui (mpc_t @var{rop}, unsigned long int @var{op}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpc_set_si (mpc_t @var{rop}, long int @var{op}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpc_set_uj (mpc_t @var{rop}, uintmax_t @var{op}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpc_set_sj (mpc_t @var{rop}, intmax_t @var{op}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpc_set_d (mpc_t @var{rop}, double @var{op}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpc_set_ld (mpc_t @var{rop}, long double @var{op}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpc_set_z (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpz_t @var{op} mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpc_set_q (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpq_t @var{op} mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpc_set_f (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpf_t @var{op} mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpc_set_fr (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set the value of @var{rop} from @var{op}, rounded to the precision of
@var{rop} with the given rounding mode @var{rnd}.
The argument @var{op} is interpreted as real, so the imaginary part of
@var{rop} is set to zero with a positive sign.
Please note that even a @code{long int} may have to be rounded, if the
destination precision is less than the machine word width.
For @code{mpc_set_d}, be careful that the input number @var{op} may not be
exactly representable as a double-precision number (this happens for 0.1 for
instance), in which case it is first rounded by the C compiler to a
double-precision number, and then only to a complex number.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpc_set_ui_ui (mpc_t @var{rop}, unsigned long int @var{op1}, unsigned long int @var{op2}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpc_set_si_si (mpc_t @var{rop}, long int @var{op1}, long int @var{op2}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpc_set_uj_uj (mpc_t @var{rop}, uintmax_t @var{op1}, uintmax_t @var{op2}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpc_set_sj_sj (mpc_t @var{rop}, intmax_t @var{op1}, intmax_t @var{op2}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpc_set_d_d (mpc_t @var{rop}, double @var{op1}, double @var{op2}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpc_set_ld_ld (mpc_t @var{rop}, long double @var{op1}, long double @var{op2}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpc_set_z_z (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpz_t @var{op1}, mpz_t @var{op2}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpc_set_q_q (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpq_t @var{op1}, mpq_t @var{op2}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpc_set_f_f (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpf_t @var{op1}, mpf_t @var{op2}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpc_set_fr_fr (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, mpfr_t @var{op2}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set the real part of @var{rop} from @var{op1}, and its imaginary part from
@var{op2}, according to the rounding mode @var{rnd}.
@end deftypefun

For functions assigning complex variables from strings or input streams,
@pxref{string-io,,String and Stream Input and Output}.

@deftypefun void mpc_set_nan (mpc_t @var{rop})
Set @var{rop} to Nan+i*NaN.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun void mpc_swap (mpc_t @var{op1}, mpc_t @var{op2})
Swap the values of @var{op1} and @var{op2} efficiently. Warning: The
precisions are exchanged, too; in case these are different,
@code{mpc_swap} is thus not equivalent to three @code{mpc_set} calls using a
third auxiliary variable.
@end deftypefun


@node String and Stream Input and Output, Complex Comparison, Assigning Complex Numbers, Complex Functions
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@cindex String and stream input and output
@anchor{string-io}
@section String and Stream Input and Output

@deftypefun int mpc_strtoc (mpc_t @var{rop}, const char *@var{nptr}, char **@var{endptr}, int @var{base}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Read a complex number from a string @var{nptr} in base @var{base}, rounded to
the precision of @var{rop} with the given rounding mode @var{rnd}.
The @var{base} must be either 0 or a number from 2 to 36 (otherwise the
behaviour is undefined).
If @var{nptr} starts with valid data, the result is stored in @var{rop},
the usual inexact value is returned (@pxref{return-value,, Return
Value}) and, if @var{endptr} is not the null pointer,
@var{*endptr} points to the character just after the valid data.
Otherwise, @var{rop} is set to @code{NaN + i * NaN}, -1 is returned and,
if @var{endptr} is not the null pointer,
the value of @var{nptr} is stored in the location referenced by
@var{endptr}.

The expected form of a complex number string is either a real number (an
optional leading whitespace, an optional sign followed by a floating-point
number), or a pair of real numbers in parentheses separated by whitespace. If
a real number is read, the missing imaginary part is set to +0.
The form of a floating-point number depends on the base and is described
in the documentation of @code{mpfr_strtofr}
@ifinfo
(@pxref{Assignment Functions,,, mpfr.info,MPFR}).
@end ifinfo
@ifnotinfo
in the MPFR manual.
@end ifnotinfo
For instance, @code{"3.1415926"}, @code{"(1.25e+7 +.17)"}, @code{"(@@nan@@
2)"} and @code{"(-0 -7)"} are valid strings for @var{base} = 10.
If @var{base} = 0, then a prefix may be used to indicate the base in which the
floating-point number is written. Use prefix '0b' for binary numbers, prefix
'0x' for hexadecimal numbers, and no prefix for decimal numbers.
The real and imaginary part may then be written in different bases.
For instance, @code{"(1.024e+3 +2.05e+3)"} and @code{"(0b1p+10 +0x802)"} are
valid strings for @code{base}=0 and represent the same value.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpc_set_str (mpc_t @var{rop}, const char *@var{s}, int @var{base}, mpc_rnd_t rnd)
Set @var{rop} to the value of the string @var{s} in base @var{base}, rounded
to the precision of @var{rop} with the given rounding mode @var{rnd}.
See the documentation of @code{mpc_strtoc} for a detailed description of the
valid string formats.
Contrarily to @code{mpc_strtoc}, @code{mpc_set_str} requires the @emph{whole}
string to represent a valid complex number (potentially followed by
additional white space).
This function returns the usual inexact value (@pxref{return-value,, Return
Value}) if the entire string up to the final null character is a valid number
in base @var{base}; otherwise it returns @minus{}1, and @var{rop} is set to
NaN+i*NaN.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun {char *} mpc_get_str (int @var{b}, size_t @var{n}, mpc_t @var{op}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Convert @var{op} to a string containing its real and imaginary parts,
separated by a space and enclosed in a pair of parentheses.
The numbers are written in base @var{b} (which may vary from 2 to 36) and
rounded according to @var{rnd}. The number of significant digits, at least 2,
is given by @var{n}. It is also possible to let
@var{n} be zero, in which case the number of digits is chosen large
enough so that re-reading the printed value with the same precision, assuming
both output and input use rounding to nearest, will recover the original value
of @var{op}.
Note that @code{mpc_get_str} uses the decimal point of the current locale
if available, and @samp{.} otherwise.

The string is generated using the current memory allocation function
(@code{malloc} by default, unless it has been modified using the custom
memory allocation interface of @code{gmp}); once it is not needed any more,
it should be freed by calling @code{mpc_free_str}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun {void} mpc_free_str (char *@var{str})
Free the string @var{str}, which needs to have been allocated by
a call to @code{mpc_get_str}.
@end deftypefun

The following two functions read numbers from input streams and write
them to output streams.
When using any of these functions, you need to include @file{stdio.h}
@emph{before} @file{mpc.h}.

@deftypefun int mpc_inp_str (mpc_t @var{rop}, FILE *@var{stream}, size_t *@var{read}, int @var{base}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Input a string in base @var{base} in the same format as for @code{mpc_strtoc}
from stdio stream @var{stream}, rounded according to @var{rnd}, and put the
read complex number into @var{rop}.
If @var{stream} is the null pointer, @var{rop} is read from @code{stdin}.
Return the usual inexact value; if an error occurs, set @var{rop} to @code{NaN
+ i * NaN} and return -1.
If @var{read} is not the null pointer, it is set to the number of read
characters.

Unlike @code{mpc_strtoc}, the function @code{mpc_inp_str} does not possess
perfect knowledge of the string to transform and has to read it
character by character, so it behaves slightly differently: It tries
to read a string describing a complex number and processes this string
through a call to @code{mpc_set_str}. Precisely, after skipping optional
whitespace, a minimal string is read according to the regular expression
@code{mpfr | '(' \s* mpfr \s+ mpfr \s* ')'}, where @code{\s} denotes a whitespace,
and @code{mpfr} is either a string containing neither whitespaces nor
parentheses, or @code{nan(n-char-sequence)} or @code{@@nan@@(n-char-sequence)}
(regardless of capitalisation) with @code{n-char-sequence} a string
of ascii letters, digits or @code{'_'}.

For instance, upon input of @code{"nan(13 1)"}, the function
@code{mpc_inp_str} starts to recognise a value of NaN followed by an
n-char-sequence indicated by the opening parenthesis; as soon as the
space is reached, it becocmes clear that the expression in parentheses
is not an n-char-sequence, and the error flag -1 is returned after 6
characters have been consumed from the stream (the whitespace itself
remaining in the stream).
The function @code{mpc_strtoc}, on the other hand, may track back
when reaching the whitespace; it treats the string as the two successive
complex numbers @code{NaN + i * 0} and @code{13 + i}.
It is thus recommended to have a whitespace follow each floating point number
to avoid this problem.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun size_t mpc_out_str (FILE *@var{stream}, int @var{base}, size_t @var{n_digits}, mpc_t @var{op}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Output @var{op} on stdio stream @var{stream} in
base @var{base}, rounded according to @var{rnd}, in the same format
as for @code{mpc_strtoc}
If @var{stream} is the null pointer, @var{rop} is written to @code{stdout}.

Return the number of characters written.
@end deftypefun


@node Complex Comparison, Projection & Decomposing, String and Stream Input and Output, Complex Functions
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@cindex Complex comparisons functions
@cindex Comparison functions
@section Comparison Functions

@deftypefn Function int mpc_cmp (mpc_t @var{op1}, mpc_t @var{op2})
@deftypefnx Function int mpc_cmp_si_si (mpc_t @var{op1}, long int @var{op2r}, long int @var{op2i})
@deftypefnx Macro int mpc_cmp_si (mpc_t @var{op1}, long int @var{op2})

Compare @var{op1} and @var{op2}, where in the case of @code{mpc_cmp_si_si},
@var{op2} is taken to be @var{op2r} + i @var{op2i}.
The return value @var{c} can be decomposed into @code{x = MPC_INEX_RE(c)}
and @code{y = MPC_INEX_IM(c)}, such that @var{x} is
positive if the real part of @var{op1} is greater than that of @var{op2},
zero if both real parts are equal, and negative if the real part of @var{op1}
is less than that of @var{op2}, and likewise for @var{y}.
Both @var{op1} and @var{op2} are considered to their full own precision,
which may differ.
It is not allowed that one of the operands has a NaN (Not-a-Number) part.

The storage of the return value is such that equality can be simply checked
with @code{mpc_cmp (op1, op2) == 0}.
@end deftypefn


@node Projection & Decomposing, Basic Arithmetic, Complex Comparison, Complex Functions
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@section Projection and Decomposing Functions
@cindex Projection and Decomposing Functions

@deftypefn Function int mpc_real (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the value of the real part of @var{op} rounded
in the direction @var{rnd}.
@end deftypefn

@deftypefn Function int mpc_imag (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the value of the imaginary part of @var{op} rounded in the
direction @var{rnd}.
@end deftypefn

@deftypefn Macro mpfr_t mpc_realref (mpc_t @var{op})
@deftypefnx Macro mpfr_t mpc_imagref (mpc_t @var{op})
Return a reference to the real part and imaginary part of @var{op},
respectively. The @code{mpfr} functions can be used on the result of these
macros (note that the @code{mpfr_t} type is itself a pointer).
@end deftypefn

@deftypefn Function int mpc_arg (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the argument of @var{op}, with a branch cut along the
negative real axis.
@end deftypefn

@deftypefn Function int mpc_proj (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Compute a projection of @var{op} onto the Riemann sphere. Set @var{rop} to
@var{op} rounded in the direction @var{rnd}, except when at least one part of
@var{op} is infinite (even if the other part is a NaN) in which case the real
part of @var{rop} is set to plus infinity and its imaginary part to a signed
zero with the same sign as the imaginary part of @var{op}.
@end deftypefn


@node Basic Arithmetic, Power Functions and Logarithm, Projection & Decomposing, Complex Functions
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@section Basic Arithmetic Functions
@cindex Complex arithmetic functions
@cindex Arithmetic functions

All the following functions are designed in such a way that, when working
with real numbers instead of complex numbers, their complexity should
essentially be the same as with the MPFR library, with only a marginal
overhead due to the MPC layer.

@deftypefun int mpc_add (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op1}, mpc_t @var{op2}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpc_add_ui (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op1}, unsigned long int @var{op2}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpc_add_fr (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op1}, mpfr_t @var{op2}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to @var{op1} @math{+} @var{op2} rounded according to @var{rnd}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefn Function int mpc_sub (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op1}, mpc_t @var{op2}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefnx Function int mpc_sub_fr (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op1}, mpfr_t @var{op2}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefnx Function int mpc_fr_sub (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, mpc_t @var{op2}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefnx Function int mpc_sub_ui (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op1}, unsigned long int @var{op2}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefnx Macro int mpc_ui_sub (mpc_t @var{rop}, unsigned long int @var{op1}, mpc_t @var{op2}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefnx Function int mpc_ui_ui_sub (mpc_t @var{rop}, unsigned long int @var{re1}, unsigned long int @var{im1}, mpc_t @var{op2}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to @var{op1} @minus{} @var{op2} rounded according to @var{rnd}.
For @code{mpc_ui_ui_sub}, @var{op1} is @var{re1} + @var{im1}.
@end deftypefn

@deftypefun int mpc_mul (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op1}, mpc_t @var{op2}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpc_mul_ui (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op1}, unsigned long int @var{op2}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpc_mul_si (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op1}, long int @var{op2}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpc_mul_fr (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op1}, mpfr_t @var{op2}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to @var{op1} times @var{op2} rounded according to @var{rnd}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpc_mul_i (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op}, int @var{sgn}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to @var{op} times the imaginary unit i if @var{sgn} is
non-negative, set @var{rop} to @var{op} times -i otherwise,
in both cases rounded according to @var{rnd}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpc_sqr (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the square of @var{op} rounded according to @var{rnd}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpc_div (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op1}, mpc_t @var{op2}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpc_div_ui (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op1}, unsigned long int @var{op2}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpc_ui_div (mpc_t @var{rop}, unsigned long int @var{op1}, mpc_t @var{op2}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpc_div_fr (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op1}, mpfr_t @var{op2}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpc_fr_div (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, mpc_t @var{op2}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to @var{op1}/@var{op2} rounded according to @var{rnd}.
For @code{mpc_div} and @code{mpc_ui_div}, the return value may fail to
recognize some exact results. The sign of returned value is
significant only for @code{mpc_div_ui}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpc_neg (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to @minus{}@var{op} rounded according to @var{rnd}.
Just changes the sign if @var{rop} and @var{op} are the same variable.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpc_conj (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the conjugate of @var{op} rounded according to @var{rnd}.
Just changes the sign of the imaginary part
if @var{rop} and @var{op} are the same variable.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpc_abs (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set the floating-point number @var{rop} to the absolute value of @var{op},
rounded in the direction @var{rnd}.
The returned value is zero iff the result is exact.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpc_norm (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set the floating-point number @var{rop} to the norm of @var{op}
(i.e., the square of its absolute value),
rounded in the direction @var{rnd}.
The returned value is zero iff the result is exact.
Note that the destination is of type @code{mpfr_t}, not @code{mpc_t}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpc_mul_2exp (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op1}, unsigned long int @var{op2}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to @var{op1} times 2 raised to @var{op2}
rounded according to @var{rnd}. Just increases the exponents
of the real and imaginary parts by @var{op2}
when @var{rop} and @var{op1} are identical.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpc_div_2exp (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op1}, unsigned long int @var{op2}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to @var{op1} divided by 2 raised to @var{op2}
rounded according to @var{rnd}. Just decreases the exponents
of the real and imaginary parts by @var{op2}
when @var{rop} and @var{op1} are identical.
@end deftypefun


@node Power Functions and Logarithm, Trigonometric Functions, Basic Arithmetic, Complex Functions
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@section Power Functions and Logarithm
@cindex Power functions
@cindex Logarithm

@deftypefun int mpc_sqrt (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the square root of @var{op} rounded according to @var{rnd}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpc_pow (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op1}, mpc_t @var{op2}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpc_pow_d (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op1}, double @var{op2}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpc_pow_ld (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op1}, long double @var{op2}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpc_pow_si (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op1}, long @var{op2}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpc_pow_ui (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op1}, unsigned long @var{op2}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpc_pow_z (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op1}, mpz_t @var{op2}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpc_pow_fr (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op1}, mpfr_t @var{op2}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to @var{op1} raised to the power @var{op2}, rounded according
to @var{rnd}.
For @code{mpc_pow_d}, @code{mpc_pow_ld}, @code{mpc_pow_si}, @code{mpc_pow_ui},
@code{mpc_pow_z} and @code{mpc_pow_fr},
the imaginary part of @var{op2} is considered as +0.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpc_exp (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the exponential of @var{op},
rounded according to @var{rnd} with the precision of @var{rop}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpc_log (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the logarithm of @var{op},
rounded according to @var{rnd} with the precision of @var{rop}.
The principal branch is chosen, with the branch cut on the negative real axis,
so that the imaginary part of the result lies in
@math{]-\pi , \pi]}.
@end deftypefun


@node Trigonometric Functions, Miscellaneous Complex Functions, Power Functions and Logarithm, Complex Functions
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@section Trigonometric Functions
@cindex Trigonometric functions

@deftypefun int mpc_sin (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the sine of @var{op},
rounded according to @var{rnd} with the precision of @var{rop}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpc_cos (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the cosine of @var{op},
rounded according to @var{rnd} with the precision of @var{rop}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpc_tan (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the tangent of @var{op},
rounded according to @var{rnd} with the precision of @var{rop}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpc_sinh (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the hyperbolic sine of @var{op},
rounded according to @var{rnd} with the precision of @var{rop}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpc_cosh (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the hyperbolic cosine of @var{op},
rounded according to @var{rnd} with the precision of @var{rop}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpc_tanh (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the hyperbolic tangent of @var{op},
rounded according to @var{rnd} with the precision of @var{rop}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpc_asin (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpc_acos (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpc_atan (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the inverse sine, inverse cosine, inverse tangent of @var{op},
rounded according to @var{rnd} with the precision of @var{rop}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpc_asinh (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpc_acosh (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpc_atanh (mpc_t @var{rop}, mpc_t @var{op}, mpc_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the inverse hyperbolic sine, inverse hyperbolic cosine,
inverse hyperbolic tangent of @var{op},
rounded according to @var{rnd} with the precision of @var{rop}.
The branch cut of @var{mpc_acosh} is @math{(-\infty, 1)}.
@end deftypefun

@node Miscellaneous Complex Functions, Advanced Functions, Trigonometric Functions, Complex Functions
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@section Miscellaneous Functions
@cindex Miscellaneous complex functions

@deftypefun int mpc_urandom (mpc_t @var{rop}, gmp_randstate_t @var{state})
Generate a uniformly distributed random complex in the unit square @math{[0,
1] @times [0, 1]}. Return 0, unless an exponent in the real or imaginary part
is not in the current exponent range, in which case that part is set to NaN
and a zero value is returned. The second argument is a @code{gmp_randstate_t}
structure which should be created using the GMP @code{rand_init} function, see
the GMP manual.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun {const char *} mpc_get_version (void)
Return the MPC version, as a null-terminated string.
@end deftypefun

@defmac MPC_VERSION
@defmacx MPC_VERSION_MAJOR
@defmacx MPC_VERSION_MINOR
@defmacx MPC_VERSION_PATCHLEVEL
@defmacx MPC_VERSION_STRING
@code{MPC_VERSION} is the version of MPC as a preprocessing constant.
@code{MPC_VERSION_MAJOR}, @code{MPC_VERSION_MINOR} and
@code{MPC_VERSION_PATCHLEVEL} are respectively the major, minor and
patch level of MPC version, as preprocessing constants.
@code{MPC_VERSION_STRING} is the version as a string constant, which
can be compared to the result of @code{mpc_get_version} to check at
run time the header file and library used match:
@example
if (strcmp (mpc_get_version (), MPC_VERSION_STRING))
  fprintf (stderr, "Warning: header and library do not match\n");
@end example
Note: Obtaining different strings is not necessarily an error, as in
general, a program compiled with some old MPC version can be
dynamically linked with a newer MPC library version (if allowed by the
library versioning system).
@end defmac

@deftypefn Macro long MPC_VERSION_NUM (@var{major}, @var{minor}, @var{patchlevel})
Create an integer in the same format as used by @code{MPC_VERSION} from the
given @var{major}, @var{minor} and @var{patchlevel}.
Here is an example of how to check the MPC version at compile time:
@example
#if (!defined(MPC_VERSION) || (MPC_VERSION<MPC_VERSION_NUM(2,1,0)))
# error "Wrong MPC version."
#endif
@end example
@end deftypefn

@node Advanced Functions, Internals, Miscellaneous Complex Functions, Complex Functions
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@section Advanced Functions

@defmac MPC_SET_X_Y (@var{real_suffix}, @var{imag_suffix}, @var{rop}, @var{real}, @var{imag}, @var{rnd})
The macro MPC_SET_X_Y is designed to serve as the body of an assignment
function and cannot be used by itself.
The @var{real_suffix} and @var{imag_suffix} parameters are the
types of the real and imaginary part, that is, the @code{x} in the
@code{mpfr_set_x} function one would use to set the part;
for the mpfr type, use @code{fr}.
@var{real} (respectively @var{imag}) is the value you want to assign to the
real (resp. imaginary) part, its type must conform to @var{real_suffix}
(resp. @var{imag_suffix}).
@var{rnd} is the @code{mpc_rnd_t} rounding mode.
The return value is the usual inexact value (@pxref{return-value,, Return
Value}).

For instance, you can define mpc_set_ui_fr as follows:
@example
int mpc_set_ui_fr (mpc_t rop, long int re, double im, mpc_rnd_t rnd)
    MPC_SET_X_Y (ui, fr, rop, re, im, rnd);
@end example
@end defmac


@node Internals,  , Advanced Functions, Complex Functions
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@section Internals

These macros and
functions are mainly designed for the implementation of MPC,
but may be useful for users too.
However, no upward compatibility is guaranteed.
You need to include @code{mpc-impl.h} to use them.

The macro @code{MPC_MAX_PREC(z)} gives the maximum of the precisions
of the real and imaginary parts of a complex number.


@node Contributors, References, Complex Functions, Top
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@unnumbered Contributors

The main developers of the MPC library are Andreas Enge,
Philippe Th@'eveny and Paul Zimmermann.
Patrick P@'elissier has helped cleaning up the code.
Marc Helbling contributed the @code{mpc_ui_sub} and
@code{mpc_ui_ui_sub} functions.

@node References, Concept Index, Contributors, Top
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@unnumbered References

@itemize @bullet

@item
Torbj@"orn Granlund et al.
@code{gmp} -- GNU multiprecision library.
Version 4.2.4, @url{http://gmplib.org/}.

@item
Guillaume Hanrot, Vincent Lef@`evre, Patrick P@'elissier, Paul Zimmermann et al.
@code{mpfr} -- A library for multiple-precision floating-point               computations with exact rounding.
Version 2.4.1, @url{http://www.mpfr.org}.

@item
IEEE standard for binary floating-point arithmetic, Technical Report
ANSI-IEEE Standard 754-1985, New York, 1985.
Approved March 21, 1985: IEEE Standards Board; approved July 26,
  1985: American National Standards Institute, 18 pages.

@item
Donald E. Knuth, "The Art of Computer Programming", vol 2,
"Seminumerical Algorithms", 2nd edition, Addison-Wesley, 1981.

@item
ISO/IEC 9899:1999, Programming languages — C.

@end itemize

@node Concept Index, Function Index, References, Top
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@unnumbered Concept Index
@printindex cp

@node Function Index,  , Concept Index, Top
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@unnumbered Function and Type Index
@printindex fn

@ifnothtml
@contents
@end ifnothtml
@bye
