Priority Queue Text Pop Memory Use Test

# Priority Queue Text `pop` Memory Use Test

## Description

This test inserts a number of values with keys from an arbitrary text ([ wickland96thirty ]) into a container, then pops them until only one is left in the container. It measures the memory use as a function of the number of values pushed to the container.

(The test was executed with `priority_queue_text_pop_mem_usage_test` thirty_years_among_the_dead_preproc.txt 200 200 2100)

## Purpose

The test checks the effect of different underlying data structures (see Design::Priority Queues::Implementations).

## Results

Figures NPG, NPM, and NPL show the results for the native priority queues and `pb_ds` 's priority queues in g++, msvc++, and local, respectively.

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NPG: Native and `pb ds` priority queue `pop` memory-use test - g++

In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:

1. n_pq_vector- `std::priority_queue` adapting `std::vector`
2. n_pq_deque- `std::priority_queue` adapting `std::deque`
3. binary_heap- `priority_queue` with `Tag` = `binary_heap_tag`
4. thin_heap- `priority_queue` with `Tag` = `thin_heap_tag`
5. binomial_heap- `priority_queue` with `Tag` = `binomial_heap_tag`
6. rc_binomial_heap- `priority_queue` with `Tag` = `rc_binomial_heap_tag`
7. pairing_heap- `priority_queue` with `Tag` = `pairing_heap_tag`

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NPM: Native and `pb ds` priority queue `pop` memory-use test - msvc++

In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:

1. n_pq_vector- `std::priority_queue` adapting `std::vector`
2. n_pq_deque- `std::priority_queue` adapting `std::deque`
3. binary_heap- `priority_queue` with `Tag` = `binary_heap_tag`
4. thin_heap- `priority_queue` with `Tag` = `thin_heap_tag`
5. binomial_heap- `priority_queue` with `Tag` = `binomial_heap_tag`
6. rc_binomial_heap- `priority_queue` with `Tag` = `rc_binomial_heap_tag`
7. pairing_heap- `priority_queue` with `Tag` = `pairing_heap_tag`

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NPL: Native and `pb ds` priority queue `pop` memory-use test - local

## Observations

The priority queue implementations (excluding the STL's) use memory proportionally to the number of values they hold: node-based implementations (e.g., a pairing heap) do so naturally; `pb_ds`'s binary heap de-allocates memory when a certain lower threshold is exceeded.

Note from Priority Queue Text `push` and `pop` Timing Test and Priority Queue Random Integer `push` and `pop` Timing Test that this does not impede performance compared to the STL's priority queues.

(See Hash-Based Erase Memory Use Test for a similar phenomenon regarding priority queues.)